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Laboratory tests and field observations show that there are two (2) major types of
culvert flow: (1) flow with inlet control, and (2) flow with outlet control. Under
inlet control the cross-sectional area of the barrel, the inlet configuration or geometry
and the amount of headwater are the factors affecting capacity. Outlet control involves
the additional consideration of the tailwater in the outlet channel and the slope,
roughness and length of barrel. Under inlet control conditions, the slope of the culvert
is steep enough so that the culvert does not flow full and the tailwater does not
affect the flow. If using software to perform culvert calculations, keep in mind the
limitations of the modeling program.
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