APPENDIX - DESIGN TURNING TEMPLATES
(Scales 1"=20'; 1"=40'; 1"=50'; 1"=100')
Articulated Bus*
40 ft. Bus*
30 ft. Bus or Truck*
'Dillo Bus***Reprinted from Ref 27.
**Produced using the TXTOM computer program (Ref 27)(Diagrams begin on the following page)
GLOSSARY
Angle of Intersection - The angle or angles at which two or more streets meet to form an intersection.
Arterial Street - Streets that generally move high volumes of traffic for great distances, and at relatively high speeds.
Articulated Bus - An extended bus usually 60 to 70 feet in length which consists of two hinged or joined units.
Bus Encroachment - The movement of a bus into an adjacent or opposing lane of traffic during a turning maneuver.
Collector Streets - Collect traffic from other streets, serving as the most direct route to an arterial or another collector street. The five types are: residential, neighborhood, commercial, industrial, and primary.
Curb Return - The curved section of curb used at street intersections in joining straight sections of the curb.
Design Speed - The operating speed determined for the design of the specific physical features of a highway, street, or development.
Design Vehicle - A selected hypothetical motor vehicle, the dimensions and operating characteristics of which are used in highway and street development design.
Grades - The change in elevation between two points along the vertical alignment of a roadway. Usually expressed as the change per 100 feet or percent.
Inbound Lane - A lane of traffic leading into an intersection.
Local Street - Are intended primarily to serve traffic within a neighborhood or within a limited district. Local streets are not continuous through several districts.
Offtracking - The different path taken by the rear wheels in relation to the front wheels while turning. The line of this curve is closer to the curb return the curve made by the front wheels.
Outbound Lane - A lane of traffic leading away from an intersection.
Queue - A line or file of waiting vehicles.
Swept Path - The area of the path covered by a vehicle making a turning maneuver. The radial distance between the turning paths of the outer front wheel and the inner rear wheel.
Travel Mode - The form of transportation used to accomplish a trip. In an urban commuter context the three primary travel modes are rail, bus, and private automobile.
Turnarounds - A area in which a vehicle can perform a 180 degree turn.
Turning Radius - The radius of the circle traced by the outer front wheel of a vehicle making a turn. The resulting measurement is strongly dependent on the steering characteristics, operating speed, and length of the wheelbase of a vehicle.
Turnouts - A special lane of limited length apart from through traffic lanes provided for the use of vehicles making stops of short duration.
Weaving Maneuvers - The crossing of traffic streams moving in the same general direction accomplished by merging and diverging.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alameda Contra Costa Transit District, Guide for Including Public Transit in Land Use Planning . Oakland: Research and Planning Department Alameda Contra Costa Transit District, March 1983.
A guideline on the inclusion of "public transportation perspective" in development. The purpose of the booklet is to indicate the benefits derived from including public transit in the planning process. It considers the effect on transit that population densities, traffic generators, parking policies, transit orientation, transit corridors, and transit funding methods have.
Alameda Contra Costa Transit District, Transit Facilities Standards Manual Oakland: Research and Planning Department Alameda Contra Costa Transit District, March 1983.
The purpose of the standards manual is to develop uniform policies and standards for the design, construction, and operation of various transit related improvements. The document aims to encourage the inclusion of transit related facilities with other street improvement projects. The report includes information on design vehicles, geometric design standards, operational standards, structural standards, and guidelines on planning and site selection.
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials, A Guide for Design of Pavement Structures . Washington D.C. 1986.
This guide presents design factors, procedures and rehabilitation techniques for flexible (asphalt concrete) and rigid (portland cement concrete) pavements. The guide is used by many state highway agencies, including the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, in their pavement design procedures.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets . Washington D.C., 1984.
The "Green Book" discusses the design policies for streets and highways. The primary sections are: highway functions, design controls and criteria, elements of design, cross section elements, local roads and streets, collector roads and streets, rural and urban arterials, freeways, at grade intersections and grade separations, and interchanges.
AustinPlan Incentive Committee, "Draft Incentive Report". Unpublished, Austin, February 1988.
Describes examples of incentives to the private sector in exchange for the provision of specific public benefits. The emphasis is on incentives used in local land development.
Bushell, Chris and Peter Stonham, eds., Jones Urban Transportation Systems 2nd. Edition. London: Janes Publishing Co. Ltd., 1983.
A catalog of public transit vehicles, transit systems, maintenance systems, equipment and consultants of the world. Includes manufacturer's addresses and some specifications.
Callies and Frelich, Cases and Materials in Land Use . West Publishing Company, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1986.
Covers classic zoning cases with summaries and comments. Includes a section on the legality of public/private partnerships and tax laws affecting joint development.
Cervero, Robert, Suburban Gridlock . New Jersey Center for Urban Policy Research, Brunswick, New Jersey, 1986.
Examines steps taken by municipalities to enlist the support of private interests in both reducing employee trip making and financing area wide improvements. The study is national in scope with detailed case studies and in depth insights into suburban traffic problems.
City of Austin, Texas, Policy on Geometric Roadway Design . Austin, 1987.
Sets forth specific design criteria for each type of street category and highways, and also presents alternative design criteria for developments located in watershed districts. Also discusses the design criteria for intersection design. Other areas for which design criteria are presented are: medians, turn lanes, driveways, pavement markings, signing, bikeways, and sidewalks.
City of Austin, Texas, Street Design Standards . Austin, 1986.
Collection of short reports, memos, and letters that provide general and technical data required for transit facilities in Austin. The information includes a section with the definitions of transit related terms, the classification of streets, and street design criteria by classification. Also includes sections on turning radii, swept paths, and the bus dimensions of the current Capital Metro inventory.
City of Austin, 1980 Census Reports . Department of Planning and Growth Management, Austin, 1986.
1980 demographic census data presented both by individual census tracts, and for the City of Austin as a unit.
City of Seattle, Metro Transportation Facility Design Guidelines . Seattle: City of Metropolitan Seattle, April 1985.
A short manual discussing policies, guidelines, and basic design criteria for five basic areas: vehicle specifications and needs, transfer and destination points, high occupancy vehicle facilities, bus stops, and passenger information facilities. Included in the manual are turning templates for the critical design vehicle used in Seattle (a 60 foot articulated bus); figures of transit passenger shelters and information signs, and plan views of three types of bus stop areas: near side, far side, and mid block bus stops. Includes an extensive bibliography.
Greater Bridgeport Transit District, Joint Development and Fixed Route Bus Systems: Experience in Bridgeport Connecticut . Washington D.C.: Department of Transportation - Government Printing Office, January 1985.
Department of Transportation report number DOT-1-81-4. A case study of the experience of Bridgeport, Connecticut in its efforts to stimulate community and economic development in cooperation with fixed-route bus service. The report specifically looks at integrating commercial centers with the bus service and discusses innovative transit financing approaches as well as links between development and transit.
Institute of Traffic Engineers, Trip Generation , Vol. 3, Institute of Traffic Engineers, Washington, D.C. 1983.
The standard reference for estimating the number of vehicle trips generated from development. Based upon extensive national surveys and statistical analysis.
Johnson, Gregory, Private Development Station Improvements . Urban Mass Transportation Agency, Symposium, New Orleans, March 1988.
Describes New York Metropolitan Transit Authority's zoning ordinances which mandate private transit provisions for mid-town manhattan. Discusses Zoning with and without incentives.
Lave, Charles A., ed., Urban Transit: The Private Challenge to Public Transportation . Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1985.
A look at privatization of public transportation services and operations. Explores options that can help transit do more with what is available and increase competition to provide alternative choices in service to attract more riders.
Orange County Transit District, Consideration of Transit in Project Development . Orange County: Orange County Transit District, 1982.
Brief history of Orange County transit system. Discusses benefits to everyone involved. Lists special considerations for including transit with development.
Orange County Transit District, Design Guidelines for Bus Facilities . 2nd Edition. Orange County: Orange County Transit District, November 1987.
This document was prepared for the purpose of providing uniform guidelines and design considerations for the design and placement of bus facilities and amenities in Orange County, California. The following six areas were considered in the preparation of this document: 1) basic bus operations, 2) current engineering practices in Orange County, 3) standards used by other transit operators, 4) amenities necessary for attracting and maintaining ridership, 5) possible benefits to participating developers, and 6) improvement compatibility with existing road uses.
Typical designs are provided for the following facilities and amenities: 1) pedestrian accessways, 2) bus turnouts, 3) bus stops, 4) bus shelters, 5) bus benches, 6) bus stop signs, 7) park-and-ride facilities, and 8) transit centers. Current bus fleet dimensions are provided along with bus turning radii and recommended road grades.
Pushkarev, Boris S. and Jeffrey N. Zupan, Public Transportation and Land Use Policy . Bloomingington: Indiana University Press, 1977.
A thorough overview of public transportation systems and how these systems are impacted by land use. Information provided includes the demand for transit services, the role of density, operating and capital costs, operating conditions, and the matching of supply and demand densities. The book also defines eight modes of public transportation, and dedicates a major portion of the book to rail transit.
Pushkarev, Boris S., and Jeffrey N. Zupan, Urban Densities for Public Transportation . Springfield: National Technical Information Services, 1976.
Examines the suitability of different urban densities to eight modes of public transit including dial-a-bus, local bus and express bus, and the effects of densities on user habits. Operating and capital costs are examined. Residential development density is explored in terms of public transit service along with other forms of density and development.
Rajappan, B.M. and C.M. Walton, An Assessment of The Operational Impact of Larger and Wider Combination Vehicles on the Geometry of Diamond Interchanges Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1986.
Assesses the impact that Long Combination Vehicles would have on the geometric design of interchanges, with a special emphasis on diamond interchanges. Proposes general pavement width requirements necessary for diamond interchanges to accommodate the turning maneuvers of Long Combination Vehicles.
Sacramento Regional Transit, Design Guidelines for Bus and Light Rail Facilities . Sacramento: Sacramento Regional Transit, October 1987.
An extensive design handbook, detailing the steps necessary for successful transit-development integration. The report addresses many key areas of the integration process. It begins by studying overall project design, incorporating ideas of access, location, and density and how these characteristics effect transit circulation. The report also outlines design criteria for bus stops, turnouts, shelters, benches, berths, layover areas, and turnarounds. The sport gives geometric requirements for bus turning radii, maximum grades, and exclusive bus lanes. Also included in the report is information on traffic signals, park-and-ride facilities, transit centers, and light rail. In conclusion, the report describes design guidelines for bicycle storage facilities and information signs. Included in the appendix are a glossary of transit terms, a chart of design vehicle specifications, and a list of references.
Schneider, Michael J. and Rober C. Schaevitz. Private Investments in Public Transit . Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Anaheim, California, October 1987.
This paper describes and analyzes the emerging roles of private sector contributions to transit finance and management. Nine projects are described. Project areas are Tampa, Los Angeles, Denver, Houston, New York, Boston, Atlantic City, the Dulles Corridor, and the Hudson Waterfront in New Jersey.
Southeastern Michigan Transportation Authority, Designing for Transit: A Transit Design Criteria and Standards Manual . Detroit: Southeastern Michigan Transportation Authority, April 1982.
This manual is designed for a broad audience. Part 1 addresses the ordinary citizen, while Part 2 is for the technical expert. Major sections include: "Transit and the Community", and "Technical Design Standards, and Criteria". Included is a glossary of terms and a transit checklist. Attractive manual with well designed illustrations and numerous photographs.
Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, Highway Design Division Operations and Procedures Manual . Austin, 1986.
This manual provides guidelines and standards for preparation of right-of-way and construction of highways and associated facilities.
Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, Texas Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices . Austin, 1980.
Adopted from the National Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices and expanded to include the specific requirement of the State of Texas. All traffic control devices placed by the state and local authorities are required to conform to the manual and its specifications.
Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, Vehicle Turning Characteristics for Use in Geometric Design . Highway Design Division: Austin 1987.
This document discusses the Texas Truck Offtracking Model (TXTOM) a model that simulates the offtracking characteristics of a vehicle or vehicle combinations making a turn. The document includes templates to various scales of the offtracking characteristics of the AASHTO design vehicles.
Texas Transportation Institute, Report 339-7 "Procedures for Estimating Park-and-Ride Demand in Large Texas Cities". Texas A&M University, February 1987.
This manual provides guidelines for estimating the ridership demands that can be generated by the location of Park-and-Ride lots. The key to location is the existence of potential transit riders upstream of the projected Park-and-Ride location.
Texas Transportation Institute, Research Report 205-3 "Design Guidelines for Park-and-Ride Facilities". Texas A&M University, September 1978.
This report presents guidelines for designing bus Park-and-Ride facilities. Specifically, guidelines are developed for: 1) locating Park-and Ride lots; 2) determining the desired size of a Park-and-Ride lot; 3) evaluating the capacity of selected design components of the lot; and 4) establishing the physical layout of the parking area.
Transportation Research Board, National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report no. 155 . "Bus Use of Highways Planning and Design Guidelines". Washington D.C.: Transportation Research Board National Research Council, 1975.
Guidelines for planning and designing preferential bus facilities in relation to freeways, arterials and terminals. Contains general guidelines on the design characteristics for each type of treatment discussed.
Transportation Research Board, National Cooperative Transit Research and Development Program Report no. 12 . "Strategies to Implement Benefit-Sharing for Fixed-Transit Facilities". Washington D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 1985.
Summarizes important findings from seven case studies involving benefit-sharing practices among transit agencies. Identifies benefit-sharing opportunities, costs and benefits; transit agency experiences with benefit sharing strategies; and analysis techniques for use on different types of benefit-sharing strategies. Recommendations for implementing benefit-sharing techniques are also reviewed.
Transportation Research Board, Quick Response Urban Travel Estimation Techniques and Transferable Parameters-Users Guide . Washington D.C.: Transportation Research Board.
Provides guidelines and methods to quickly conduct travel demand forecasts for urbanized areas. Contains information regarding the estimation of trip generation, mode split, and distribution.
Transportation Research Board, Transportation and Land Use on Major Activity Centers . Washington D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 1982.
Discusses shaping a suburban activity center through transit and pedestrian incentives, land use changes in suburban clusters and corridors, defining regional employment centers and impacts of CBD fare-free transit on retail sales.
Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon, Planning with Transit Land Use and Transportation Planning Coordination . Portland: Tri-County Metropolitan Transportation District of Oregon, 1979.
An extensive manual covering many pertinent subjects with regards to transit integration into the development arena. The report is divided into seven sections including topics on Tri-Met organization and planning techniques, transit policy, transit science, regulations regarding development and transit in the Tri- County area, ride sharing advantages, and transit facility design and maintenance. The report also includes a worksheet used to determine wither a particular project is compatible with transit.
Urban Land Institute, "Joint Development: Making the Real Estate-Transit Connection: Executive Summary". Washington, D.C., Urban Land Institute, 1979.
Explores alternatives and benefits of joint development linked to public transportation. Types of arrangements and how they are made are discussed along with how transit planning can help joint development projects work. Looks at how communities can use transit to guide development.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices . Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978.
Extensively covers all traffic control devices including all signs, markings, and devices. Includes all technical specifications, placement considerations, and warrants.
U.S. Department of Transportation, New Directions in Urban Transportation . Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, November 1985.
Contract number TX-06-0036, under direction of Rice Center. Details the numerous relationships which have emerged between the public and private sectors to provide transit facilities. Looks at why these relationships came about and who the participants are.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Streets for Pedestrians and Transit: Examples of Transit Malls in the U.S. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972.
A study focusing on transit malls that incorporate regular bus routes into their design. The study includes an overview of development, existing transportation facilities, and the existing political and economic climate of the community.
U.S. Department of Transportation, Transportation Planning Data for Urbanized Areas . Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987.
Provides transportation information for major urbanized cities in the United States based upon data collected from the 1980 Census.